The paper will be helpful in that it assesses the relative importance of horizontal and vertical spillovers in a unified framework as well as distinguishes between backward and forward spillovers.
本文的价值在于将水平和垂直溢出置于同意框架之下，并指出后向溢出与前向溢出的不同特点。
The main causes of agglomeration economics are vertical division of production and knowledge spillovers.
聚集经济的主要来源是生产纵向分工和知识溢出。
Study at home and abroad, FDI enterprises' technology spillovers are mainly embodied in the vertical linkage levels, not horizontal levels.
国内外研究表明，FDI对国内企业的技术溢出主要体现在上下游的垂直关联层面，而不是水平层面。
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